Mechanical
Boilers, steam, combustion, heat transfer, fluids and plant equipment.
Boilers 4
Boiler Efficiency, Gaseous Fuels (ASME PTC 4)
Indirect-method efficiency of a gas-fired boiler from the fuel gas analysis, excess air, stack and air temperatures: PTC 4 losses and credits on GCV and NCV.
Boiler Efficiency, Solid and Liquid Fuels (ASME PTC 4)
Indirect-method efficiency of a coal, biomass or oil fired boiler: every PTC 4 loss and credit from the fuel analysis, excess air, stack and air temperatures.
Stack Loss: Dry Gas and Moisture Losses
The four stack losses of a boiler (dry gas, water from hydrogen, fuel moisture, air moisture) per kg fuel and as a fraction of GCV, from measured gas quantities and temperatures.
Sulphuric Acid Dew Point of Flue Gas
Acid dew point by Verhoff–Banchero from flue gas water vapour and SO₃, with SO₃ entered directly or estimated from fuel sulphur.
Steam and water 3
Flash Steam from Condensate or Blowdown
Fraction and flow of flash steam released when saturated condensate or boiler blowdown drops to a lower pressure, from IAPWS-IF97 enthalpies.
Saturated Water Properties
Saturation pressure, enthalpy, density, specific heat, viscosity, conductivity and Prandtl number of liquid water at a temperature (IAPWS-IF97).
Steam Properties (IAPWS-IF97)
Phase, saturation temperature, enthalpy, entropy, density, specific heat, viscosity and conductivity of water or steam at a pressure and temperature.
Combustion and flue gas 6
Combustion of Gaseous Fuels
Air and flue gas per Nm³ and per kg of fuel gas, flue gas composition, molar mass and GCV/NCV from the volumetric analysis and excess air.
Combustion of Solid and Liquid Fuels
Air required, flue gas produced and its composition, and calorific values of coal, biomass or oil from the ultimate analysis and excess air.
Excess Air from Flue Gas O₂, CO₂ and CO
Turns dry-basis analyser readings into excess air by the simple O₂ formula and by the ASME PTC 4 nitrogen balance with CO correction.
Flue Gas and Air Properties
Density, specific heat, enthalpy, viscosity, thermal conductivity and Prandtl number of a flue gas or air mixture at temperature, from NIST data and kinetic-theory mixing rules.
Gas Composition: Mass % to Volume %
Converts a gas analysis by mass to volume (mole) fractions and gives the mixture molar mass.
Gas Composition: Volume % to Mass %
Converts a gas analysis by volume (mole) to mass fractions and gives the mixture molar mass.